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Y-chromosome tree

A tree of branches through time

This is a selected map of one paternal-line tree: its deep root, a visible fork, dated ancient observations, and a later sampled cohort record.

Selected points from one paternal-line tree: a root, a visible fork, dated observations, and a cohort record.

This rail selects evidence points, not one continuous history. Branch codes show tree relationships, and each date remains tied to what it measures.

  1. About 236,000 years before present — model estimate (95% interval 228,300–243,700)

    A modelled root

    Exact branch codes

    • ROOT → A00
    • A0-T
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    YFull estimates the displayed root's most recent common ancestor at 235,900 years before present; the estimate is not a date for a person, place, or event.

  2. About 68,500 years before present — model estimate (95% interval 65,200–71,800)

    A branch becomes a fork

    Exact branch codes

    • BT → CT → DE
    • CF
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    At CT, the current tree divides into DE and CF; this is a tree relationship, not a dated migration event.

  3. Oase 1: 37,000–42,000 BP; F6-620: 43,930–42,580 cal BP; BuKa3C: 37,415–36,245 cal BP

    Three dated F observations

    Exact branch code

    • CF → F
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    The three named individuals were independently resolved to broad or basal F, with their source-specific dates kept separate.

  4. Samara: about 3300–2700 BCE; Beaker-associated cohorts: study-specific counts

    Bounded R-M269 cohorts

    Exact branch codes

    • R-M269 → R-L23
    • R-PF7562
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    The Samara report describes M269 in all seven typed Yamnaya males, although one individual was resolved only as far as R-P297; the Beaker record reports R1b-M269 in 84 of 90 analysed males outside Iberia and four Iberian individuals.

How to read this rail Hide reading notes
  • Time. Model estimates describe positions in the tree, while sample dates belong to particular remains or cohorts.
  • Code. A split such as CT to DE and CF shows the current tree's branching pattern, not a migration route.
  • Result. A result places one paternal line at a tested resolution and cannot by itself identify a whole ancestry, nationality, or close ancient relationship.